Formation

Soil is the disintegrated form of rocks and minarets. Weathering of rocks is due to natural or mechanical and chemical actions. Weathering takes place by atmospheric changes like temperature, pressure, erosion etc. Conveyance of soil is by wind water or glaciers.

Chemical action is oxidation, hydration, carbonation and leaching by water. Parent rocks have minerals in it. Mechanical means that is wind and water.

95% of earth crust is igneous rocks. 5% consists of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are 80% covering earth surface area. Feldspars is the mineral present in igneous rocks.

Other minerals are mica quartz and amphiboles. Chemical weathering predominant than mechanical weathering.

Due to chemical action some minerals becomes new compound. Carbonic acid and oxygen present in water causes chemical weathering. Laterite is formed by leaching

Clay minerals are illite, kaolinite and montmorillonite

Profile

Profile of the soil is the natural deposits of different stratas or zones below ground surface of different soil materials depth of these are differ from place to place.

50cm of the earth crust is organic matter.

2nd strata or zone of accumulation it is migrated from zone one after leaching and eluviations gets deposited in this strata. This may extend .75meter

Third zone is in the same physical and chemical state as deposited by water and wind or glaciers.

Thickness of this layer is 30m or so , which may be mined and used for earthen structures like dam.

There are sub stratas also exists with slight difference in textures

1st layer is brown loam 2nd strata is dark brown clay other layers are silty clay some type of soil 

Bentonite volcanic ash decomposed

Black cotton soil soil  suitable for cotton cultivation

Laterite  deep brown soil Loam mixture of sand clay and silt Loess cohesive silty lay.

Caliche gravel ,sand and clay binded by calcium carbonate